Accountability is highly valued in all spheres of life. At its heart, accountability means being answerable - taking or being assigned responsibility for something that one has done or is supposed to do, and then being liable for that.
Private enterprises value accountability - from the entry-level worker to the executive, and even the board, people are held responsible for what they do. Words and deeds that go against guidelines, rules, laws or natural justice are questioned by peers, organisation superiors, other stakeholders such as, investors, citizens, whistleblowers, shareholders, and of course by external agencies like analysts, auditors, government departments, and so on. Thus one may see that there is a set of checks and balances that attempts to keep private enterprises by and large acting in the larger interests of society, rather than only in self-interest.
There are similar expectations of accountability from individuals in a society. Every person is supposed to adhere to various formal and informal codes of conduct, and numerous laws which govern their existence.
However, political accountability in just about every country seems to be such a mythical creature as to be almost nonexistent.
Political accountability is the accountability of the government, civil servants and politicians to the public and to legislative bodies such as a congress or a parliament. This is the heart of democracy, and without political accountability, the system may reduce to autocracy[1], and dictatorship. It is the responsibility of government officials to act in the best interests of society.
Representative democracy and the notion of people power
Let us digress for a moment to talk about what democracy is, and the idealistic notions we carry about what we think it is. The word democracy comes from demos + Kratos or “common people” + “rule, strength, power,” which one may interpret to be that of common people themselves having the power to control the government.
We know this is not really the case, and it is the power of the common man to elect a group of people to have power over others. The strength of democracy lies not so much in common people holding power and ruling over themselves, but more about the belief and trust in the idealistic notions of democracy, society, rule of law, and the decisions made by a subset of people (the elected group) must be followed by all.
A delegation of power from citizens to representatives, representative democracy has become the most popular form of government in the world.
Is democracy better than other forms of governance or rule? Perhaps not, but until something better comes along, most nations around the world are depending on democratic procedures to sustain themselves as a functional society.
Accountability framework
Having the concern with accountability is hardly novel, indeed, and the ancient Greeks were obsessed with keeping their officials legally accountable for their actions. Scholars have also studied the complex legal mechanisms developed by fifth century BCE Athenians for controlling official actions.
Vertical accountability is the support and control exercised by the electorate via voting mechanisms and the actions performed by civil societies to limit the actions of elected officials. This role is largely undertaken by citizens (voters and civil society) and media.
Horizontal accountability is when agencies of the state are legally empowered and more importantly willing and able to take action on unlawful actions or omissions of other agencies.
In principle, legislative bodies are accountable to people and provide oversight to the executive. In parliamentary systems, the government relies on the support, which gives parliament the power to hold the government accountable. People elect representatives to legislative bodies by casting a vote in favour of their candidate of choice, e.g. in India, we have the Lok Sabha at the centre and Legislative Assemblies in states, with independent elections to each.
Several institutional weaknesses affect the quality of democracy. One of the biggest challenges for improving the quality of democracy revolves around how to build more effective accountability mechanisms. Most countries have seen a failure of horizontal accountability, and hence it is important to strengthen vertical accountability.
So now we come to the crux of the problem:
- Given the plethora of individuals (the politicians) vying to be people’s representative, how do voters decide which politician will best serve their interests?
- How does a citizen subsequently hold elected representatives to account during the term for which they have been elected?
- By extension, how does the citizen hold the legislative and the executive (elected government and appointed bureaucracy) to account during the term?
It is also evident that empowering citizens to be able to hold their government accountable by vertical accountability framework is incredibly complex in practice. Citizens get a chance to remove the elected representatives only at the end of the term, and may have no recourse during the term to remove them or to force them to work in public interest. Even if one had the interest to hold representatives accountable, there are other issues:
- What is the framework available to the citizen to quantify and measure performance during the term? Given the diverse set of issues and varying citizen interest in each issue, how does one prioritise which topic, issue or parameter should occupy the attention of such representatives? Further, having decided on a set of prioritised issues that the representative’s constituency is interested in, how does one rate the representative on such parameters?
- How does such a mechanism become broad-based enough to sufficiently capture enough voices (qualitative comments, feedback, etc) and votes (quantitative ratings) to efficiently represent a large demographic cross-section of citizens, such that most issues are brought into the public eye, even those that may not ordinarily get a voice.
- Further, can the framework empower citizens, and can it make an impact in helping the candidate, who has the most overlap of promise and/or performance with the prioritised set of issues, get elected?
The world needs such empowered vertical accountability frameworks that will be used by citizens, electorate, civil society and the media to bridge the gap between people and their elected representatives.
[1] Autocratic rulers make economic, social and political decisions without consent from the citizens.
(Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of YourStory.)