Why global warming is the real villain to your caffeine hero

For many, the day doesn’t truly begin without the rich aroma of freshly brewed coffee. Being in the coffee industry, I can attest to the magic a cup of coffee brings to countless lives globally.

However, global warming has become a growing threat to this beloved ritual that many coffee enthusiasts may not be aware of. This silent but relentless villain poses a significant danger to coffee production, threatening our morning routines and the livelihoods of millions who depend on coffee farming.

Coffee is more than just a drink; it's a cultural touchstone and a vital source of income for millions around the world. In India, artisanal homegrown coffee brands take immense pride in offering unique, high-quality beans. But even our beloved cup of joe faces a formidable foe—climate change.

Unpacking the climate change effect 

The coffee plant is a bit of a diva. It only thrives in specific conditions, including moderate temperatures, consistent rainfall patterns, and well-drained soil at high altitudes.

Arabica particularly thrives in specific climatic conditions, typically found in tropical regions. Even the smallest change in these conditions can have a devastating impact on its growth and bean quality. Global warming—with its erratic weather patterns and rising temperatures—disrupts this delicate balance.

However, with global temperatures rising, many coffee-growing regions are experiencing heat stress. Higher temperatures accelerate the ripening process of coffee cherries, leading to lower-quality beans with poor flavour profiles. Additionally, excessive heat can cause the plants to become more susceptible to pests and diseases.

The International Coffee Organisation reported a 1.4% decrease in global coffee production for the 2021-2022 season (168.5 million bags) due to unfavourable weather conditions in key producing regions, likely linked to climate shifts.

This year, Robusta coffee prices have surged due in part to climate change impacting Vietnam, a major producer. Robusta—known for its resilience in warmer temperatures—is seen as a potential replacement for Arabica beans threatened by rising heat.

This shift in demand, coupled with potential Vietnamese crop limitations caused by the changing climate, has pushed Robusta prices upwards.

India ranks as the sixth largest coffee producer globally, contributing around 3% of the world's coffee output (as of 2020), boasting a rich history of coffee cultivation, with unique flavours and growing regions like Coorg and Chikmagalur.

But global warming is posing a serious threat to this legacy. Traditional growing areas are experiencing reduced yields due to changing weather patterns and rising temperatures. The impact goes beyond economics.

Coffee cultivation is a way of life for many Indian communities. The consequences of climate change are not limited to the coffee plants alone; they extend to the farmers who cultivate them. Coffee farming is a livelihood for millions of people in developing countries.

As climate change affects coffee yields and quality, farmers face economic instability and uncertainty. A decline in coffee production could lead to job losses, migration, and a loss of traditional cultural practices, which is extremely detrimental for small-scale growers who form a staggering 98% of coffee producers in India. 

‘Bean’ of hope

The good news is that there is light at the end of this particular tunnel!

Coffee farmers are adopting innovative techniques to adapt to climate change. Shade-grown coffee protects from the harsh sun and helps regulate temperature. Additionally, research is ongoing to develop coffee varieties that are more resistant to changing conditions. 

We can even go so far as to say that cultivating coffee has tangible benefits for the environment. Intercropping with other plants improves soil health and ensures that a coffee plantation isn’t simply a plantation but a rich tapestry of plants that protect biodiversity. 

Coffee trees are also great natural erosion control agents, as their roots help maintain groundwater quality and regulate flow. Combined, they benefit plantation conditions and also safeguard aquatic ecosystems, mitigating the threat of floods. Agroforestry practices within coffee plantations have been able to effect a reduction of soil erosion by a whopping 82%! 

On a lighter note, coffee grounds can end up becoming the hero to the climate change horror we are witnessing today. They can be a surprising source of nutrients for your plants. Coffee grounds contain nitrogen, potassium, and other minerals that can aid plant growth. While not a complete fertiliser, they can be a helpful addition to your soil.

The future of our beloved cup of coffee lies in our hands. As consumers, we have the power to make a difference. We can support farmers adapting to climate change and protecting the environment by choosing coffee brands committed to sustainability and fair trade practices. 

Global warming is a real threat to the coffee we love, but it doesn't have to be the end of the story. By working together, consumers, farmers, and brands can ensure a sustainable future for coffee.

Ayush Bathwal is the Co-founder of Third Wave Coffee.