Coconut groves flourish in Rajasthan's desert, providing livelihoods to many

Many farmers in India, the world’s top coconut producing country, have successfully introduced coconut farming in arid regions to meet growing demand and to boost earnings. 

“It has become a tourist spot as people from different places of Rajasthan visit my farm every day,” says Narpatsingh Rajpurohit.

Scores of men move under the shade of tall coconut palms while visiting Rajpurohit’s two-hectare farm in Kuwarda village of Jalore district, watching the 750 fruit-laden trees with interest. For it is the first time that someone has planted coconut palms in the desert state of Rajasthan and is making a living from it.

Originally from Rajasthan, Rajpurohit’s family runs a guesthouse and has been residing in palm-fringed Sawantwadi in Maharashtra’s Konkan belt for years now, which explains the 58-year-old’s fascination for growing coconuts.

Rajpurohit is one of the few farmers who prove that coconuts could offer a livelihood even in places where they were not grown traditionally.

Coconut production in India

Coconut is part of our everyday life in some form of the other. From tender coconut to shell charcoal, from coconut oil to desiccated coconut, from neera to coir pith, coconut is one fruit that has made India numero uno among coconut growers in the world. According to the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community’s (APCC) Statistical Year Book – 2014, with a production of 21,665 million nuts, India tops the list of coconut producing countries.

Indians love coconut, especially those from the southern states. Their love for the palm manifests itself in the number of names. The Malayalam language has four names for the coconut, while Tamil and Telugu have three each.

With our love for the coconut, the nation consumes more than 95 percent of its production, as per APCC’s statistics. As per the 2015-2016 production data of government-run Coconut Development Board, India consumed 21,059 million nuts, unlike the Philippines, Indonesia and Brazil, who contribute the lion’s share to the export basket.

By 2050, when the country is likely to have a population of 1.62 billion people, the projected coconut demand is about 45,000 million nuts.

According to the Vision 2050 document prepared by Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kerala, based on projected production, there would be a demand-supply gap of 8,695 million nuts by 2050.

Gaining new ground

Vaibhav Vilas Shinde of Ratnagiri-based Regional Coconut Research Centre told VillageSquare.in: “Coconut farming has not become popular among Konkan farmers despite suitable climate and soil conditions, due to fragmented holdings, scattered farms, homestead nature of production, lack of skilled manpower and non-availability of good hybrid saplings.”

In a bid to promote cultivation, the Coconut Development Board (CDB) set up its first demonstration-cum-seed production farm in 2013 in Palghar, Maharashtra, on a 100-acre plot.

Concentrated in the country’s coastal belt till recently, coconut palms are now finding new ground, such as Rajpurohit’s farm in Rajasthan.

E. Aravazhi, Deputy Director of Maharashtra state centre of CDB, categorises them as non-traditional areas.

CDB has been encouraging farmers in non-traditional areas of Maharashtra like Pune, Ahmednagar and Nashik with annual rainfall of 600-700 mm compared to the Konkan belt with 2,000 mm of rainfall.

The Palghar farm has a nursery of tall, hybrid and dwarf coconut varieties.

We educate prospective growers about the pros and cons of each variety. For example, the tall variety can live for nearly 100 years, while the others for about 50 years. We stress on the purpose of growing it, that is, for tender coconut or copra. In addition, we advise them on fertiliser requirement, identifying and combating pests, Aravazhi told VillageSquare.in.

“After testing the soil in my ancestral village, I got saplings from Trivandrum. I planted them in the end of 2008, with the assistance of men who came from Kerala,” Rajpurohit informed VillageSquare.in. He followed the advice of experts religiously and irrigated the palms through drip system. Nine years later, the palms are lush with fruits.

From India: then and now

A native of India, coconut has travelled far and wide. According to plant evolutionary biologist Kenneth Olsen, of Washington University in St. Louis in the United States, coconut was brought under cultivation in two separate locations, one in the Pacific basin and the other in the Indian Ocean basin. Olsen arrived at this conclusion after conducting DNA analysis of more than 1,300 coconuts from around the world.

The Europeans and the Portuguese introduced the Indian Ocean coconut in many countries. As in the past, now coconut and coconut products such as coconut oil, copra, desiccated coconut and coir products reach many countries. In 2015-16, India exported coconut products worth Rs 14,502 million.

Livelihood source to millions

According to the Vision 2050 document, growing coconut provides direct sustenance to more than 10 million people in the country. Processing activities centred on it provide employment opportunities to more than three million people.

While millions earn a livelihood growing coconut, others make a living by making value-added products, thanks to scores of end products — totaling 25 at last count, including flower syrup, palm jaggery, coconut flour and chips. Units producing products such as coir pith, shell charcoal and shell powder made from its waste also employ lakhs of people.

Each day traders arrive at Rajpurohit’s farm to pick up the produce, paying Rs 22 per coconut. Having achieved the unachievable, Rajpurohit hopes to make a couple of lakhs every year from his coconut grove.

Among the several coconut farmers in the Konkan belt is 57-year old Ravindra Patil of Chaul village in Raigad district of Maharashtra. A chemist working in a fertiliser company, he augments his income by about Rs 100,000 per year, selling tender coconuts. He gets this from the 187 palms in his 3.5-acre farm, the palms having been planted by earlier generations successively.

Last year, Patil trained 35 youth in his neighborhood in the technique of climbing the trees and plucking the nuts. The youth now make a living by charging Rs 70 per tree climbed.

Another person to have successfully grown coconut in a non-traditional area is 54-year-old Janardan Gyandev Tupe of Chanda village of Ahmednagar district. Besides growing sugarcane and custard apple, Tupe has 450 coconut palms growing on his six-acre farm, entirely through drip irrigation. Each day he sells around 150 tender coconuts for Rs 15 a piece, which are picked up by the local tender coconut vendors.

“Growing coconut can be a money spinner but you need to have patience as it takes around eight to 10 years to exhibit its fruit potential,” Tupe told VillageSquare.in.

To improve production

Kerala leads in coconut production at 7,429 million nuts, followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Maharashtra with a 780-km long coastline produces 271.24 million nuts.

CDB has introduced various measures not only to increase production but to also ensure better income for coconut farmers. Experts advocate intercropping with spices to increase coconut productivity.

“This year I’m experimenting by growing Basmati rice and elephant foot yam as intercrops,” Patil told VillageSquare.in.

Most growers are members of Coconut Producers Society (CPS), an initiative of CDB, with each CPS comprising 40 to 100 growers in a contiguous area, with a consolidated minimum of 4,000 palms. Kerala leads with 7,180 CPSs. Member farmers benefit through good planting material and technology associated with its cultivation and guidance during pest attacks.

At the next level, CPSs join together and form producer companies. In Palakkad district of Kerala, 458 CPSs have together formed the Palakkad Coconut Producer Company, which has established high-tech coconut driers, a neera tapping unit and 30 Coconut Points, a retail network that sell its own brand Palm Fresh coconut oil, value-added products from coconuts, besides vegetables and rice produced by the member farmers.

No other fruit offers so much bounty as Cocos nucifera (from the Spanish coco, meaning spectre, referring to the three marks giving it an eerie look and nucifera meaning bearing nuts). In one neat package, coconut provides high-calorie food, potable water, fiber that can be spun into rope and a hard shell that can be turned into charcoal. Reason enough for a day dedicated to it, celebrated on 3 September every year.

Disclaimer: This article, authored by Hiren Kumar Bose, was first published in VillageSquare.in. The views expressed by the author are his own and do not necessarily reflect that of YourStory.